Table 1 Soil profile at Okiwa trial site

Ap

0–16 cm

Dark brown (10 YR 3/3), very slightly gravelly fine sandy loam, non-sticky, very weak soil strength, earthy pedality, many fine polyhedral peds, gravels of strongly weathered sandstone gravels to 5-cm diameter, many extremely fine roots, distinct wavy boundary

Bw

16–28 cm

Yellowish brown (10 YR 5/4), moderately gravelly fine sandy loam, non-sticky, very weak soil strength, friable failure, earthy pedality, many fine polyhedral peds, moderately weathered sandstone gravels to 5-cm diameter, common extremely fine roots, indistinct wavy boundary

BC

28–56 cm

Light olive brown (2.5 YR 5/4), very gravelly fine sandy loam, non-sticky, very weak soil strength, friable failure, earthy pedality, moderately weathered subangular gravels to 5 cm diameter, diffuse boundary

C

56+ cm

As above, but extremely gravelly, well drained