Table 3 Correlation coefficients describing the strength of linear relationships between stand metrics (mean top height, green crown height, volume, mean diameter, basal area, and stand density) with LiDAR and stand metrics

LiDAR height percentiles

H ₀₁

0.71***

0.85***

0.85***

0.49***

0.78***

0.14^ns

H ₀₅

0.77***

0.82***

0.89***

0.58***

0.83***

0.10^ns

H ₁₀

0.82***

0.82***

0.91***

0.65***

0.85***

0.06^ns

H ₂₀

0.86***

0.81***

0.90***

0.72***

0.83***

-0.02^ns

H ₂₅

0.87***

0.80***

0.89***

0.74***

0.82***

-0.05^ns

H ₃₀

0.88***

0.80***

0.89***

0.76***

0.81***

-0.08^ns

H ₄₀

0.91***

0.78***

0.87***

0.79***

0.79***

-0.13^ns

H ₅₀

0.92***

0.77***

0.86***

0.81***

0.76***

-0.17^ns

H ₆₀

0.92***

0.75***

0.84***

0.82***

0.74***

-0.20*

H ₇₀

0.92***

0.73***

0.82***

0.84***

0.72***

-0.23*

H ₇₅

0.92***

0.72***

0.81***

0.84***

0.71***

-0.24**

H ₈₀

0.92***

0.71***

0.80***

0.85***

0.70***

-0.25**

H ₉₀

0.92***

0.70***

0.79***

0.86***

0.68***

-0.28**

H ₉₅

0.92***

0.68***

0.77***

0.86***

0.66***

-0.30***

H ₉₉

0.91***

0.66***

0.74***

0.86***

0.63***

-0.33***

Other LiDAR metrics

PC_zero

-0.39***

-0.26**

-0.47***

-0.35***

-0.59***

-0.42***

Elev. kurtosis

0.08^ns

0.23*

0.30***

0.01^ns

0.32***

0.20*

Elev. skewness

-0.53***

-0.29**

-0.43***

-0.56***

-0.45***

0.10^ns

Elev. CV

-0.51***

-0.61***

-0.72***

-0.35***

-0.75***

-0.32***

Elev. SD

0.60***

0.18*

0.24**

0.69***

0.14^ns

-0.56***

Elev. IQ

0.53***

0.12^ns

0.15^ns

0.63***

0.04^ns

-0.58***

Stand metrics

Mean top height

-

0.78***

0.85***

0.88***

0.74***

-0.23**

Crown height

0.78***

-

0.89***

0.60***

0.80***

0.03^ns

Volume

0.85***

0.89***

-

0.70***

0.96***

0.12^ns

Mean diameter at breast height

0.88***

0.60***

0.70***

-

0.63***

-0.46***

Basal area

0.74***

0.80***

0.96***

0.63***

-

0.29**

Stand density

-0.23**

0.03^ns

0.12^ns

-0.46***

0.29**

-

Stand age

0.62***

0.37***

0.49***

0.74***

0.45***

-0.39***